NR 283 Quiz 2

Student Name

Chamberlain University

NR-283: Pathophysiology

Prof. Name

Date

Quiz 2: Pathophysiology

Name: ______________

Which color of sputum would most likely suggest a bacterial chest infection?

Sputum color can indicate the type of respiratory infection present. While clear or white sputum may be associated with viral infections or mild irritation, thick yellowish sputum is typically indicative of a bacterial chest infection due to the presence of inflammatory cells and bacteria.

Answer: d. Thick yellowish

What occurs in the lungs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax?

During normal respiration, the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles causes air to be expelled from the lungs. This process, known as passive exhalation, leads to a decrease in lung volume and an increase in intrapulmonic pressure, allowing air to flow out naturally.

Answer: a. Air is expelled from the lungs

When blood oxygen levels drop or if blood flow is significantly reduced, a condition known as ___ occurs.

Cyanosis is the clinical sign of hypoxemia, characterized by bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes when oxygen levels in the blood fall below normal or when blood flow is insufficient.

Answer: c. Cyanosis

Why do secondary infections often arise in pruritic lesions?

Pruritic or itchy lesions can lead to secondary infections because scratching introduces resident flora from the skin into open wounds. This disrupts the protective skin barrier and allows pathogens to colonize and infect the area.

Answer: b. Entry of resident flora during scratching of the lesion

Tinea capitis is an infection affecting the:

Tinea capitis is a fungal infection primarily affecting the scalp. It is commonly caused by dermatophytes and presents with scaling, hair loss, and inflammation.

Answer: c. Scalp

The greatest volume of air a person can expel after a full inhalation is referred to as the:

Vital capacity represents the maximum amount of air a person can exhale following a full inhalation. It is an important measure of lung function and respiratory health.

Answer: d. Vital capacity

What effect does hypercapnia have?

Hypercapnia, an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, results in respiratory acidosis due to increased carbonic acid levels. This condition stimulates compensatory mechanisms, such as increased respiratory rate, to restore pH balance.

Answer: c. Respiratory acidosis

Why are individuals prone to recurrent infections from the influenza virus?

Recurrent influenza infections are often due to viral mutations that reduce immunity gained from previous infections or vaccinations. Additionally, older adults have weaker immune responses, making secondary infections more likely.

Answer: d. Viral mutations decrease immunity from previous infections or vaccinations

Persistent thick mucus in the bronchioles of a child with cystic fibrosis may lead to:

Potential Complications	Explanation
Airflow obstruction in bronchioles and small bronchi	Thick mucus blocks airway passages, reducing airflow.
Frequent infections	Stagnant mucus creates a breeding ground for bacteria.
Blockage of pancreatic and bile ducts	Mucus accumulation interferes with digestive enzyme transport.
Irreversible lung tissue damage	Chronic inflammation and infection can cause permanent damage.

Answer: a, b, c, d

What sign indicates total airway obstruction by aspirated material?

Total airway obstruction often manifests as a rapid loss of consciousness because oxygen supply to the brain is abruptly cut off. Other signs may include dyspnea and hoarseness, but sudden unconsciousness is the hallmark.

Answer: b. Rapid loss of consciousness

The skin lesion associated with psoriasis is a(n):

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by thick, scaly plaques. These lesions are typically erythematous and may cause discomfort or itching.

Answer: e. Thick, scaly plaque

In allergic individuals, the reaction to consuming shellfish can be described as:

Allergic Response	Explanation
Type I hypersensitivity reaction	Immediate allergic response mediated by IgE antibodies.
Urticaria	Formation of hives due to histamine release.
Potential for anaphylaxis	Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.

Answer: a, c, d

Various types of skin infections, such as cellulitis, furuncles, and impetigo, are commonly caused by:

Bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and virulent strains of group A Streptococcus are frequent causes of skin infections, leading to inflammation, pustules, and localized pain.

Answer: c. Staphylococcus aureus

The typical manifestation of herpes simplex virus is:

Herpes simplex virus infections typically present as cold sores or fever blisters, often occurring around the mouth or other mucosal surfaces. Painful, vesicular lesions are common.

Answer: c. Cold sore or fever blister

The likely cause of Kaposi sarcoma is:

Kaposi sarcoma primarily arises in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It is a vascular tumor linked to immunodeficiency rather than UV exposure or hormones.

Answer: c. Immunodeficiency

A child with high salt in sweat and persistent lung infections likely has:

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by defective chloride channels leading to thick mucus in the lungs and high salt content in sweat. This genetic disorder predisposes children to recurrent respiratory infections.

Answer: c. Cystic fibrosis

A patient with lung cancer presenting with swelling in the face and arms most likely has:

Superior vena cava syndrome occurs when a tumor obstructs the superior vena cava, leading to venous congestion, tissue swelling, and dilated veins in the upper body.

Answer: a. The tumor obstructing the superior vena cava and causing blood to back up, resulting in vasodilation of draining blood vessels and enlarged tissues due to excess blood

Match the disease with its characteristics:

Disease	Characteristic
Pemphigus	An autoimmune disorder that leads to blisters
Atopic dermatitis	Commonly known as eczema
Scabies	Caused by a mite
Verrucae	Caused by human papillomavirus

Answer: d, b, c, a

Match the characteristics with the corresponding disease:

Characteristic	Disease
Deficit of pancreatic digestive enzymes	Cystic fibrosis
May cause cavitation within lungs	Tuberculosis
Characterized by episodic bronchospasm	Asthma
Result of pharyngeal tissue collapse during sleep	Apnea

Answer: d, b, c, a

Malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes in a nevus (mole). Skin cancer is suspected in any nevus showing changes defined by the ABCD criteria for melanoma:

ABCD Criteria	Definition
A – Appearance	Asymmetry of the mole
B – Border	Irregular or poorly defined edges
C – Color	Variation in color, including shades of brown, black, red, or blue
D – Diameter	Diameter greater than 6 mm or rapid growth

Answer: Appearance (A), Border (B), Color (C), Diameter (D)

References

American Lung Association. (2021). Understanding lung health and diseases. https://www.lung.org

Fitzpatrick, T. B., Johnson, R., Wolff, K., & Suurmond, D. (2020). Dermatology in general medicine (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2024). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (9th ed.). Elsevier.

NR 283 Quiz 2

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2023). Respiratory system overview. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov

Reynolds, T. (2022). Pediatric cystic fibrosis: Clinical manifestations and management. Pediatrics Journal, 150(4), 112–125.