BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis
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Capella University
BHA-FPX4002 History of the United States Health Care System
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Date
Historical Trend Analysis
Exploring historical patterns and transformations unveils the progression of American healthcare over time. Examining these shifts facilitates future growth and development in healthcare. Alterations in health trends profoundly influence the daily operations of healthcare administrators, necessitating adaptations to meet evolving demands. Healthcare remains a dynamic sphere.
Trends and Regulations
Enhanced healthcare access correlates with superior patient care. Improved access enables patients to receive adequate care and treatment, subsequently enhancing prognosis. Access to healthcare plays a pivotal role in mitigating mortality rates and impeding disease advancement. Quality healthcare serves as a cornerstone for cultivating thriving communities and populations. It engenders a sense of confidence and reliance among patients towards healthcare providers, fostering better compliance and health outcomes. Patients receiving superior care demonstrate heightened engagement in monitoring and managing their health.
The financial burden associated with healthcare has historically deterred patients from seeking necessary medical interventions. Nonetheless, the evolution of trends and regulations over centuries has rendered medical expenses more manageable.
Healthcare Access
Accessible healthcare stands as a fundamental necessity, ensuring patients can avail themselves of medical attention when required. Constraints on healthcare availability contribute to elevated mortality rates and disease progression. Across history, diverse regulatory measures have been instituted to bolster healthcare accessibility, such as the establishment of state medical boards in the 1800s, the enactment of the Hill-Burton Act in the 1900s, and the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the 2000s.
Healthcare Quality
The quality of healthcare significantly impacts treatment efficacy and patient prognosis. Over time, initiatives like the U.S. Army Medical Department in the 1800s, the establishment of the Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality in the 1900s, and the enactment of the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 have aimed to elevate healthcare quality. These efforts emphasize patient engagement and provider accountability, thereby advancing healthcare quality standards.
Healthcare Cost
The cost associated with healthcare has historically posed a barrier to access. However, milestones such as the introduction of healthcare insurance in the 1800s, the advent of prepaid health plans in the 1900s, and the implementation of systems like the Outpatient Prospective Payment System in the 2000s have rendered healthcare more economically accessible. Consequently, patients are empowered to seek timely medical assistance.
Trend Analysis
The healthcare trajectory across three distinct eras underscores substantial advancements in accessibility, quality, and cost. Regulatory interventions have driven improvements in healthcare accessibility, consequently enhancing patient care and treatment options. Quality standards in healthcare have surged, ensuring elevated levels of care and patient safety. The financial aspect of healthcare has become more manageable, courtesy of insurance and payment systems, thus enhancing overall healthcare accessibility.
Conclusion
In summation, the evolution and refinement of the healthcare landscape have engendered remarkable progress in care quality, patient outcomes, and healthcare affordability. Enhanced healthcare access ensures timely interventions for patients. Regulatory measures have uplifted healthcare quality, guaranteeing patient safety. Financial barriers to healthcare access have diminished, enabling a broader demographic to afford essential medical care. Collectively, healthcare has undergone significant enhancement over the past three eras, translating into improved prognosis, treatment modalities, and disease management.
References
American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities. (n.d.). We maintain the highest standards for outpatient accreditation. Retrieved from https://www.aaaasf.org/who-we-are/
Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality. (n.d.). Welcome to CIHQ. Retrieved from https://www.cihq.org/
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021a). Acute inpatient PPS. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/AcuteInpatientPPS
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021b). Clinical laboratory improvement amendments (CLIA). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021c). CY 2002 Physician fee schedule proposed rule with comment period. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-ServicePayment/PhysicianFeeSched
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021d). Hospital inpatient quality reporting program. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-AssessmentInstruments/HospitalQualityInits/HospitalRHQDAPU
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021e). Hospital outpatient prospective payment system (OPPS). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Files-forOrder/LimitedDataSets/HospitalOPPS
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021f). National correct coding initiative edits. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/NationalCorrectCodInitEd
Chaudhry, H.J. (2010). The important role of medical licensure in the United States. Academic Medicine, 85(11), 1657. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f557ed
Health.gov. (n.d.). History of healthy people. Retrieved from https://health.gov/our-work/healthy-people/abouthealthy-people/history-healthy-people
Kroth, P. J., & Young, K. M. (2018). Sultz & Young’s health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis
McCall, N., Korb, J., Petersons, A., & Moore, S. (2003). Reforming Medicare payment: Early effects of the 1997 Balanced Budget Act on postacute care. The Milbank Quarterly, 81(2), 277–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00054
Medicare.gov. (2021). Find & compare nursing homes, hospitals & other providers near you. Retrieved from https://www.medicare.gov/care-compare/
Moehling, C. M., & Thomasson, M. A. (2012, April). Saving babies: The contribution of Sheppard-Towner to the decline in infant mortality in the 1920s (Working Paper 17996.). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17996/w17996.pdf
Quality Payment Program. (n.d.). APMs overview. Retrieved from https://qpp.cms.gov/apms/overview
Reilly R. F. (2016). Medical and surgical care during the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 29(2), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2016.11929390
BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis
Truex E. S. (2014). Medical licensing and discipline in America: A history of the Federation of State Medical Boards. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 102(2), 133–134. https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019
University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. (n.d.). History of hospitals. Retrieved from https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/nurses-institutions-caring/history-of-hospitals/
U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Procedure manual; Division of federal employees’ compensation (DFEC). Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/owcp/FECA/regs/compliance/DFECfolio/FECA-PT0
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Part II: 1938, Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/changes-science-law-and-regulatory-authorities/part-ii1938-food-drug-cosmetic-act
Weil, T. P. (2002, Summer). Managed competition using both market-driven and regulatory strategies. Managed Care Quarterly, 10(3), 32–40.
Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2018). Sultz & Young’s health care USA: Understanding Its organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
Appendix: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care
Table 1: Trend Analysis of Health Care Milestones
| Time Period | Regulatory Legislation, Agencies, or Quality Initiatives | Health Care Access | Health Care Quality | Health Care Costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1800s | State medical boards | Establishment of medical practice regulations protecting patients (Truex, 2014) | Promotion and implementation of health awareness (Reilly, 2016) | Provision of lower health care costs through insurance (Scofea, 1994) |
| U.S Army Medical Department and United States Sanitary Commission | Implementation of new health care regulations and awareness (Reilly, 2016) | Implementation of medical care and treatments in hospitals (Reilly, 2016) | – | |
| Healthcare Insurance | Introduction of health insurance covering non-death related costs (Scofea, 1994) | – | – | |
| Hospital Treatment | Provision of surgeries, outpatient, and inpatient services (Scofea, 1994) | – | – | |
| Regulating Healthcare | Implementation of state healthcare regulations and physician licensing (Chaudhry, 2010) | – | – | |
| U.S Army Established the Hospital Corps | Maintenance of medical records for better follow-up care (Weedn, 2020) | – | – | |
| 1900s | Hill-Burton Act | Federal grant program providing hospitals with funds (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021a) | – | – |
| Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | Regulation of medical equipment and medicine labeling (Young & Kroth, 2018; FDA, n.d.) | – | – | |
| Self-Pay is the primary source of healthcare services | Patient payment for healthcare services (Young & Kroth, 2018) | – | – | |
| Introduction of prepaid health plans (direct contracting) | Improved availability of healthcare for working Americans (Young & Kroth, 2018) | – | – | |
| Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality (CIHQ) | Regulation and accreditation services for healthcare treatments (Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality, n.d.) | – | – | |
| 2000s | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | Mandated coverage of preventive care services at no patient cost (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021b) | – | – |
| Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 | Improvement of patient safety and reduction of incidents (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021c) | – | – | |
| Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) | Medicare payment for hospital outpatient services based on flat rates (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021d) | – | – | |
| Medicare Care Compare | Platform for comparing medical facilities (Medicare.gov, 2021) | – | – | |
| Hospital Quality Reporting (HQR) and Initiative (H.Q.I.) | Mandatory reporting of quality issues by medical providers (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021e) | – | – | |
| Managed Market Competition; Consumer-driven health plans | Introduction of consumer-driven health plans (Well, 2002) | – | – |
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