Patient Profile – Cancer Causes Mary

Mary, a robust 64-year-old woman, experienced her first childbirth at the age of 20 and entered menopause at 58. Following menopause, she underwent estrogen replacement treatment for approximately six years, leading to weight gain. Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 37, and Mary had her first menstruation at 13.

Breast Cancer Risks Associated with Mary:

Based on the information, Mary faces a heightened risk of developing breast cancer. According to Łukasiewicz et al. (2021), women with a family history of cancer have a doubled likelihood of developing the disease. The Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool indicates a 3.1% chance of invasive breast cancer in the next five years and a lifetime risk of 12.1%, surpassing the U.S. average of 8.1% for women.

Mary’s Recommendation:

Mary is advised to continue estrogen replacement treatment for breast cancer risk reduction (Manyonda et al., 2022). Despite her elevated risk due to family history, stress management is crucial. Mary should adopt a healthy lifestyle by maintaining a proper diet, avoiding alcohol, staying active, and undergoing regular breast cancer screenings every 40 days.

Paula

At 71, Paula is battling bladder cancer that has spread to her ovaries and lymphatic vessels. Her sister underwent breast cancer treatment three years ago, and her mother succumbed to lung cancer. Two paternal uncles and her maternal grandma also faced cancer.

Breast Cancer Risks Associated with Paula:

Paula’s family history indicates a high breast cancer risk. According to Łukasiewicz et al. (2021), her estimated risk in the next five years is 8.3%, exceeding the U.S. average of 2.1%. Her lifetime risk is 18.2%, surpassing the 5.1% average.

Paula’s Recommendation:

Given Paula’s extensive family history, vigilance is crucial. Diagnostic screenings are recommended, especially with her sister’s BRCA1 mutation. Additionally, chemotherapy for bladder cancer is advised (Mar & Dayyani, 2019).

June

June, aged 58, undergoes regular mammograms. Her family history includes her aunt’s breast cancer and her mother’s brain tumor. June’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels are high, and she has fragile bones.

Breast Cancer Risks Associated with June:

June’s risk of breast cancer in the next five years is 2.6%, higher than the average of 1.7%. Her lifetime risk is 14.6%, exceeding the 9.5% U.S. average (National Institute of Health).

June’s Recommendation:

Due to oral contraceptive history, June should undergo regular mammograms with a 7% increased breast cancer risk (Bardaweel et al., 2019). Controlling hypertension and cholesterol through the DASH eating plan is advised, along with a diet rich in calcium to combat osteoporosis.

Nora

Nora, 51, hasn’t reached menopause, and her family history includes breast and colon cancer.

Breast Cancer Risks Associated with Nora:

Nora’s estimated risk for breast cancer in the next five years is 3%, exceeding the 1.3% average. Her lifetime risk is 23.8%, surpassing the 11% U.S. average.

Nora’s Recommendation:

Nora should undergo BRCA1 testing due to her family history. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet, are crucial. Regular examinations and addressing risk factors, including age at first pregnancy and oral contraceptive use, are essential (Bardaweel et al., 2019; Sahin et al., 2019).

References

Aurin, J., Thorlacius, H., & Butt, S. T. (2020). Age at first childbirth and breast cancer survival: a prospective cohort study. BMC Research Notes, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4864-1

Baldini, E., Lauro, A., Tripodi, D., Pironi, D., Amabile, M. I., Ferent, I. C., Lori, E., Gagliardi, F., Bellini, M. I., Forte, F., Pacini, P., Cantisani, V., D’Andrea, V., Sorrenti, S., & Ulisse, S. (2022). Thyroid diseases and breast cancer. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020156

Bardaweel, S. K., Akour, A. A., Al-Muhaissen, S., AlSalamat, H. A., & Ammar, K. (2019). Oral contraceptive and breast cancer: Do benefits outweigh the risks? A case–control study from Jordan. BMC Women’s Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0770-x

Godinho-Mota, J. C. M., Gonçalves, L. V., Mota, J. F., Soares, L. R., Schincaglia, R. M., Martins, K. A., & Freitas-Junior, R. (2019). Sedentary behavior and alcohol consumption increase breast cancer risk regardless of menopausal status: A case-control study. Nutrients, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081871

BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 6 Patient Case Study Profiles – Cancer Causes

Lee, K., Kruper, L., Dieli-Conwright, C. M., & Mortimer, J. E. (2019). The impact of obesity on breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Current Oncology Reports, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-019-0787-1

Łukasiewicz, S., Czeczelewski, M., Forma, A., Baj, J., Sitarz, R., & Stanisławek, A. (2021). Breast Cancer—epidemiology, risk factors, classification, prognostic markers, and current treatment strategies—An Updated Review. Cancers, 13(17), 4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174287

Manyonda, I., Sinai Talaulikar, V., Pirhadi, R., Ward, J., Banerjee, D., & Onwude, J. (2022). Could perimenopausal estrogen prevent breast cancer? Exploring the differential effects of estrogen-only versus combined Hormone Replacement Therapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 14(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4646

Nañez, A., Stram, D. A., Bethan Powell, C., & Garcia, C. (2022). Breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers after diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer is lower than in carriers without ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology Reports, 39, 100899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2021.100899

Sahin, I., Bilir, B., Ali, S., Sahin, K., & Kucuk, O. (2019). Soy isoflavones in integrative oncology: Increased efficacy and decreased toxicity of cancer therapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 18, 153473541983531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735419835310

Shahida, S., Rehman, S., Ilyas, N., Khan, M. I., Hameed, U., Hafeez, M., Iqbal, S., Elboughdiri, N., Ghernaout, D., Salih, A. A., & Matouq, M. (2021). Determination of blood calcium and lead concentrations in osteoporotic and osteopenic patients in Pakistan. ACS Omega, 6(42), 28373–28378. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04565

Suri, S., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Goyal, A., Tanwar, B., Kaur, J., & Kaur, J. (2019). DASH dietary pattern: A treatment for non-communicable diseases. Current Hypertension Reviews, 15. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402115666191007144608

BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 6 Patient Case Study Profiles – Cancer Causes